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Old Jewish district of Cagliari

In 1492 the Jews were driven out of all the possessions of the King of Spain and therefore also from Sardinia. Some of them give up their religion just to stay in the city, while others left the island permanently. Before the edict of expulsion of their presence within the walls of the castle (from which, however, for some time, were excluded from Cagliari and Sardinia in general) had been tolerated because the Jews held a lively commercial and financial activities, very beneficial for the rulers of the city and the island. However, despite the privilege of living in the Castle, were forced to endure humiliation very heavy, they had an obligation to take on clothes a yellow cloth as a distinctive sign, to kneel or hide the passage of processions in which the statue was brought to Christ, they were forced to pay an annual fee and could not wear gold ornaments.

(from: www.cagliaridascoprire.it / museums / ghettoebrei.htm )

Large Piece Of Nose Snot

The real rebels are the most die-hard ...

The first reports on the presence of Jews in Sardinia dates back to the historians Josephus (first century. ev), Tacitus (writing in 114), Suetonius (75-150 CE) and Cassius (between II and III century. v). All agree that a considerable number (if not 4000 as stated by some) of Jewish residents was sent to Sardinia to Rome by the emperor Tiberius in 19 CE to combat banditry and metal work in the mines of the island. The expulsion of this core was, in this version of the historic Roman punishment for disorders caused by groups of Jews living in the capital of the empire.
The hope was that, because of the unhealthy climate of the island, you perish.
The historical sources have to wait for the letters of Pope Gregory the Great at the turn of the century. VI IV for more information about Jews in the island, whose presence seems to have been continuous for all these centuries.

(From "The archaeological evidence of the Jews in Sardinia" by Mauro Perani).

EL SARRABUS

Sarrabus The region is located in the southeastern part of Sardinia. Its specificity in terms of mining is the presence of both native silver ore argentiferous in a long stretch that grows in southwest - northeast about 35 km (from the slopes of Mount Serpeddì up to the towns of San Vito and Muravera ), by and large about 15.Partendo SouthWest meet Tuviois mines, s'Ilixi Serra, Nicola Secci, Tacconis, S'Arcilloni (all along the Rio Ollastu ) Masaloni , Giovanni Bonu, Monte Narba , Baccu Arrodas (the slopes and gorges of the mountains that crown the western part of the territory of San Vito and Muravera). The period of full operation of all these mines was the one that runs from the last three decades of the nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century, and was a leading figure, especially with regard to its exploitation, French ingenuity Leon Gouin, engaged in a frantic research, company formation and direct exploitation in the 60s and 80s of the nineteenth century.
( Antonio Francesco Fadda, mining sites in Sardinia, Coedisar, Cagliari 1997)

S. ANTIOCO, IGLESIENTE, CAGLIARI, SARRABUS

With the arrival Deri Roman mining and metallurgy continues to be one of the major economic resources for Sardinia. Monteponi Malacalzetta, St. John and St. George areas are intensely following the excavation work in Roman times. And this is demonstrated by the presence of wells and tunnels. Less popular is the area of \u200b\u200bMotevecchio. Ignored the silver mines of Sarrabus. Of mining on the island is about the time of Emperor Commodus (180-193 BC) when there were many Christians condemned to metalla business, that is to hard labor in the mines. Among them was Callisto, who later became pope. Their release came in 189 BC, thanks to the prayers of March, a lover of the emperor. As evidence of their presence were found inside the gallery named "Su Presone", near the farm of Santa Vittoria (including Iglesiente and Fluminese, location Grugua) of iron rings fixed to the walls. From contemporary documents also show that we were in Sardinia for gold, despite the absence of the precious metal in the island. Pecuniary punishments were imposed on ship captains and their lieutenants in the island carrying the metalheads aurileghi, "and reckless breed of itinerant diggers.", which are considered carriers of unrest and turmoil in an already difficult to enforce. By the discovery of tools, picks, chisels, lamps of different sizes, we deduce that the most important towns in Roman times were: Metal, administrative center of the whole mining delI'Iglesiente, perhaps located in the Antas valley, near the sanctuary or perhaps in the area Grugua near the tunnel "on preson" Ferrara, near San Gregorio, leaden, the current island of S. Antioco, the likely port of embarkation for the silver lead. The ore mining occurred in this way: a red-hot fire in the tunnel the rock, a jet of cold water on the same causing the rapid cooling was causing the break. The ore was transported outside where it was melted in large furnaces capable of supporting several tons of ore. During periods of more intense the casting Roman churn out 150,000 tons of lead and 500 tonnes of silver. Sardinia was the third largest supplier of metals to the Roman Empire, after Spain and Britain.
( www.gaetanomarino.net/ )

The Colors Of Cubefield

March 31, 1492: Edict of Expulsion de los judíos

"Los Reyes Ferdinand and Isabella, by the grace of God, King of Castile, Leon, Aragon and other dominions of the crown, the prince Juan, to dukes, marquees, counts, religious orders and their teachers, ... lords of the castles, cavaliers, and all Jews, men and women of any age and anyone else this letter may concern health and grace él.Bien know that in our dominion, there are certain bad Christians that judaised and committed apostasy against Holy Catholic faith, being responsible for most of the relations between Jews and Christians. Therefore, in the year 1480, ordered that the Jews were separated from the cities and towns of our domains and that they be given separate quarters, hoping that by such separation the situation would be remedied, and we ordered that an Inquisition be established in these domains, and in the end of 12 years has functioned, the Inquisition has found many guilty persons also are informed by the Inquisition and others the great damage that persists for Christians to relate to Jews, and in turn these Jews trying by whatever manner to subvert our holy Catholic faith and trying to draw faithful Christians hinder their beliefs. These Jews instruct these Christians in the ceremonies and observances of their Law, circumcising their children and giving them books for their prayers, and declaring them the days of fasting, and meeting to teach the stories of their laws, notifying them when the celebration of Passover and how to observe, giving them the unleavened bread and ceremonially prepared meats, and instructing them in things that they should refrain with regard to food and other things requiring observance of the laws of Moses, making them understand that there is no law or truth out of this. And they made clear based on confessions from such Jews as well to which they have perverted that it has resulted in great damage and detriment of our holy Catholic faith, and because we knew the true remedy of such damages and difficulties lay in the severing of all communications between the said Jews and Christians and sending out all our domains, we are content with ordering the said Jews from all cities and villages and places of Andalusia where it appeared that they had done the most damage, believing that this would suffice so that those and other towns and villages and places in our reigns and holdings would cease to commit the above. And because we have been informed that neither this, nor is the case nor the justices made for some of the said Jews found very culpable in the said crimes and transgressions against our Holy Catholic faith have been a complete remedy to obviate and to correct these crimes and offenses. And the Christian faith and every day it appears that the Jews increase in continuing their evil and harmful purposes wherever they reside and converse, and because there is no place more offend our holy faith, and to which God has protected to the today and those who have been affected, the duty of the Holy Mother Church to mend and reduce the matter to its previous state due to the fragility of human beings could be that we can succumb to the diabolical temptation that continually fighting against us, so that, being the main cause calls Jews if they are not converted will be expelled from the Reino.Debido to that when a powerful detestable crime is committed by some members of any group is reasonable the group should be acquitted or destroyed and children are punished by higher each other and those that allow good and honest in the cities and villages and by their contact to harm others should be expelled from the group of people and despite minor reasons will be detrimental to the Republic and the most by the majority of their crimes would be dangerous and contagious so that the Council of eminent men and gentlemen of our reign and other people of conscience and knowledge of our supreme council and after a lot of deliberation it was agreed to issue to all Jews and Jewish must leave our kingdoms and is not ever allowed regresar.Nosotros further order in this edict that all Jews and Jewesses of whatever age that reside in our domain and territories that they leave with their sons and daughters, servants and small or large families of all ages the end of July this year and did not dare to return to our land and do not take a step to transfer the way if any Jew who does not accept this edict if anything is found in these domains or returns will be blamed death and confiscation of their bienes.Y have ordered that no person in our kingdom, regardless of social status including noble hide or keep or defend a Jew either publicly or secretly since late July and subsequent months at their homes or elsewhere in our region as punishment risk of losing all his manors and fortifications, privileges and property hereditarios.Hágase that Jews can get rid of their homes and belongings on time therefore we provide our commitment to the protection and security so that the end of July, they can sell and exchange their property and furniture and any other items and dispose of them freely at its option during this term one should do them any harm, hurt them or injustice to their persons or property which would be unwarranted and that violate this will incur in punishing those who violate our royal security. We give and give permission to the above mentioned Jews and Jewish to carry off our property and belongings regions by sea or by land except gold and silver or minted money or other items prohibited by the laws of how we order reinado.De all councilors, judges, knights, guards, officers, good men of the city of Burgos and other cities and villages of our kingdom and dominions, and all our vassals and subjects, to respect and comply with this letter and everything in it in it, and give the kind of assistance and support necessary for implementation, subject to punishment by our sovereign grace and by confiscation of all the assets and properties to our real home and this is notified to all and none intend to ignore it, we order that this edict be proclaimed in all the squares and meeting places of all cities and major towns and villages of the diocese , and is made by the herald in the presence of the notary public, and none or no one do the opposite of what has been defined, subject to the punishment of our sovereign grace and the cancellation of their offices and confiscation of their property to make contrario.Y the order that are evident and proven to the court with a signed testimony specifying the manner in which the decree was carried cabo.Dado in this city of Granada on Thirty-March 1 in the year of our lord Jesus Christ 1492. "

Signed I, the King, I the Queen, and John of the colonial secretary of the King and Queen who has written in order of their Majesties.

The Kings Ferdinand and Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon and Other dominions of the crown - to the prince Juan, to dukes, marquees , counts, the holy orders, priors, knight Commanders, lords of the castles, cavaliers, and to all Jews, men and Women of whatever age, and this letter to Anyone Else May Concern - health and grace That be unto them.It is well known that in our dominion, there are certain bad Christians that became 'Judaized' and committed apostasy against our Holy Catholic faith, much of it the cause of interactions between Jews and Christians. Therefore, in the year 1480, we ordered that the Jews be separated from the cities and towns in our domains and that they be given separate sectors, hoping that with such separation the situation would be remedied, and we ordered that the Inquisition be established in such domains; and at the end of twelve years it has worked and the Inquisition has found many guilty persons. Furthermore we are informed by the Inquisition and others of the great harm that persists to the Christians as they interact with the Jews, and in turn these Jews try by all manners to subvert our Holy Catholic faith and are trying to prevent faithful Christians to grow close to their beliefs.These Jews have instructed these Christians in the ceremonies and observances of their laws, circumcising their children, and giving them books with which to pray, and declaring unto them the days of fasting, and meeting with them to teach them the histories of their laws, notifying them when to expect the celebration of Passover and how to observe it, giving them the unleavened bread and ceremonially prepared meats, and instructing them in things from which they must abstain, both with regard to food items and other things requiring observance of the laws of Moses, making them fully understand that there is no other law or truth outside of this. And this is made clear based on the confessions from such Jews as well as those perverted by them that it has resulted in great damage and detriment of our Holy Catholic faith.And since we knew the true remedy of such damages and difficulties lay in the interfering of all communications between the said Jews and the Christians and sending them forth from all our dominions, we sought to content ourselves with ordering the said Jews from all the cities and villages and places of Andalusia where it appeared that they had done the most damage, and believing that this would suffice so that those and other cities and villages and places in our reigns and holdings would be effective and would cease to commit the aforesaid. And because we have been informed that neither this, neither is the case nor the justices done for some of the said Jews found very culpable in the said crimes and transgressions against our Holy Catholic faith have been a complete remedy to obviate and to correct such opprobrium and offense. And to the Christian faith and religion it appears every day that the said Jews increase in continuing their evil and harmful purposes wherever they reside and converse; and because there is no place left whereby to more offend our holy faith, as much as those which God has protected to this day as in those already affected, it is left for this Holy Mother Church to mend and reduce the matter to its previous state, due to the frailty of the human being, it could occur that we could succumb to the diabolical temptation that continually combats us, therefore, if this be the principal cause, the said Jews if not converted must be expelled from the kingdom.Because when a grave and detestable crime is committed by some members of a given group it is reasonable that the group be dissolved or annihilated, and the minors by the majors will be punished one by the other; and those who permit the good and honest in the cities and the villages, and by their contact may harm others, must be expelled from the group of peoples, and despite minor reasons, will be harmful to the Republic, and all the more so for the majority of these crimes, would be dangerous and contagious. Therefore, the Council of eminent men and cavaliers of our reign and of other persons of knowledge and conscience of our Supreme Council, and after much deliberation, it is agreed and resolved that all Jews and Jewesses be ordered to leave our kingdoms and that they not be allowed to ever return.We further order in this edict that all Jews and Jewesses of whatever age that reside in our domain and territories leave with their sons and daughters, servants and relatives large or small, of all ages, by the end of July of this year, and that they dare not return to our lands and that they do not take a step across, such that if any Jew who does not accept this edict is found in our kingdom and domains or returns will be sentenced to death and confiscation of all their belongings.We further order that no person in our kingdom, notwithstanding social status, including nobles, that hide or keep or defend any Jew or Jewess, be it publicly or secretly, from the end of July and following months, in their homes or elsewhere in our reign, risking as punishment loss of all their fiefs and fortresses, privileges and hereditary rights.
So be it that the Jews may dispose of their households and belongings in the given time period, for the present we provide our compromise of protection and security so that by the end of the month of July they may sell and exchange their belongings and furniture and any other item, and dispose of them freely per their assessment, that during said time no one is to do them harm or injury or injustice to their persons or to their goods, which would be unjustified, and those who would transgress this shall incur the punishment that befalls those who violate our royal security.We grant and give permission to the above mentioned Jews and Jewesses to take with them and out of our reigns their goods and belongings, by sea or by land, excepting gold and silver or minted money or any other item prohibited by the laws of the kingdom.Therefore, we order all councils, magistrates, cavaliers, shield-bearers, officials, good men of the city of Burgos and of other cities and villages of our kingdom and dominions, and all our vassals and subjects, that they observe and comply with this letter and all that is contained in it, and that they give all the type of help and favor necessary for its execution, subject to punishment by our sovereign grace and by confiscation of all their goods and offices for our royal house. And so that this may come to the notice of all, and that no one may pretend ignorance, we order that this edict be proclaimed in all the plazas and meeting places of all cities and in the major cities and villages of the diocese, that it be done by the town crier in the presence of the public scribe, and that no one nor anybody do the contrary of what has been defined, subject to the punishment by our sovereign grace and annulation of their offices and confiscation of their goods to whosoever does the contrary.And we order that it be evidenced and proven to the court with signed testimony specifying the manner in which the edict has been carried out.Given in this city of Granada the thirty first day of March in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1492.

Signed, I, the King, I the Queen, and Juan de Coloma, Secretary of the King and Queen who has written it by order of our Majesties.

Total emigrated:
165,000

Baptized:
50,000

Died en route:

20,000
________

Total in Spain in 1492:
235,000