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Old Jewish district of Cagliari

In 1492 the Jews were driven out of all the possessions of the King of Spain and therefore also from Sardinia. Some of them give up their religion just to stay in the city, while others left the island permanently. Before the edict of expulsion of their presence within the walls of the castle (from which, however, for some time, were excluded from Cagliari and Sardinia in general) had been tolerated because the Jews held a lively commercial and financial activities, very beneficial for the rulers of the city and the island. However, despite the privilege of living in the Castle, were forced to endure humiliation very heavy, they had an obligation to take on clothes a yellow cloth as a distinctive sign, to kneel or hide the passage of processions in which the statue was brought to Christ, they were forced to pay an annual fee and could not wear gold ornaments.

(from: www.cagliaridascoprire.it / museums / ghettoebrei.htm )

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The real rebels are the most die-hard ...

The first reports on the presence of Jews in Sardinia dates back to the historians Josephus (first century. ev), Tacitus (writing in 114), Suetonius (75-150 CE) and Cassius (between II and III century. v). All agree that a considerable number (if not 4000 as stated by some) of Jewish residents was sent to Sardinia to Rome by the emperor Tiberius in 19 CE to combat banditry and metal work in the mines of the island. The expulsion of this core was, in this version of the historic Roman punishment for disorders caused by groups of Jews living in the capital of the empire.
The hope was that, because of the unhealthy climate of the island, you perish.
The historical sources have to wait for the letters of Pope Gregory the Great at the turn of the century. VI IV for more information about Jews in the island, whose presence seems to have been continuous for all these centuries.

(From "The archaeological evidence of the Jews in Sardinia" by Mauro Perani).

EL SARRABUS

Sarrabus The region is located in the southeastern part of Sardinia. Its specificity in terms of mining is the presence of both native silver ore argentiferous in a long stretch that grows in southwest - northeast about 35 km (from the slopes of Mount Serpeddì up to the towns of San Vito and Muravera ), by and large about 15.Partendo SouthWest meet Tuviois mines, s'Ilixi Serra, Nicola Secci, Tacconis, S'Arcilloni (all along the Rio Ollastu ) Masaloni , Giovanni Bonu, Monte Narba , Baccu Arrodas (the slopes and gorges of the mountains that crown the western part of the territory of San Vito and Muravera). The period of full operation of all these mines was the one that runs from the last three decades of the nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century, and was a leading figure, especially with regard to its exploitation, French ingenuity Leon Gouin, engaged in a frantic research, company formation and direct exploitation in the 60s and 80s of the nineteenth century.
( Antonio Francesco Fadda, mining sites in Sardinia, Coedisar, Cagliari 1997)

S. ANTIOCO, IGLESIENTE, CAGLIARI, SARRABUS

With the arrival Deri Roman mining and metallurgy continues to be one of the major economic resources for Sardinia. Monteponi Malacalzetta, St. John and St. George areas are intensely following the excavation work in Roman times. And this is demonstrated by the presence of wells and tunnels. Less popular is the area of \u200b\u200bMotevecchio. Ignored the silver mines of Sarrabus. Of mining on the island is about the time of Emperor Commodus (180-193 BC) when there were many Christians condemned to metalla business, that is to hard labor in the mines. Among them was Callisto, who later became pope. Their release came in 189 BC, thanks to the prayers of March, a lover of the emperor. As evidence of their presence were found inside the gallery named "Su Presone", near the farm of Santa Vittoria (including Iglesiente and Fluminese, location Grugua) of iron rings fixed to the walls. From contemporary documents also show that we were in Sardinia for gold, despite the absence of the precious metal in the island. Pecuniary punishments were imposed on ship captains and their lieutenants in the island carrying the metalheads aurileghi, "and reckless breed of itinerant diggers.", which are considered carriers of unrest and turmoil in an already difficult to enforce. By the discovery of tools, picks, chisels, lamps of different sizes, we deduce that the most important towns in Roman times were: Metal, administrative center of the whole mining delI'Iglesiente, perhaps located in the Antas valley, near the sanctuary or perhaps in the area Grugua near the tunnel "on preson" Ferrara, near San Gregorio, leaden, the current island of S. Antioco, the likely port of embarkation for the silver lead. The ore mining occurred in this way: a red-hot fire in the tunnel the rock, a jet of cold water on the same causing the rapid cooling was causing the break. The ore was transported outside where it was melted in large furnaces capable of supporting several tons of ore. During periods of more intense the casting Roman churn out 150,000 tons of lead and 500 tonnes of silver. Sardinia was the third largest supplier of metals to the Roman Empire, after Spain and Britain.
( www.gaetanomarino.net/ )

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March 31, 1492: Edict of Expulsion de los judíos

"Los Reyes Ferdinand and Isabella, by the grace of God, King of Castile, Leon, Aragon and other dominions of the crown, the prince Juan, to dukes, marquees, counts, religious orders and their teachers, ... lords of the castles, cavaliers, and all Jews, men and women of any age and anyone else this letter may concern health and grace él.Bien know that in our dominion, there are certain bad Christians that judaised and committed apostasy against Holy Catholic faith, being responsible for most of the relations between Jews and Christians. Therefore, in the year 1480, ordered that the Jews were separated from the cities and towns of our domains and that they be given separate quarters, hoping that by such separation the situation would be remedied, and we ordered that an Inquisition be established in these domains, and in the end of 12 years has functioned, the Inquisition has found many guilty persons also are informed by the Inquisition and others the great damage that persists for Christians to relate to Jews, and in turn these Jews trying by whatever manner to subvert our holy Catholic faith and trying to draw faithful Christians hinder their beliefs. These Jews instruct these Christians in the ceremonies and observances of their Law, circumcising their children and giving them books for their prayers, and declaring them the days of fasting, and meeting to teach the stories of their laws, notifying them when the celebration of Passover and how to observe, giving them the unleavened bread and ceremonially prepared meats, and instructing them in things that they should refrain with regard to food and other things requiring observance of the laws of Moses, making them understand that there is no law or truth out of this. And they made clear based on confessions from such Jews as well to which they have perverted that it has resulted in great damage and detriment of our holy Catholic faith, and because we knew the true remedy of such damages and difficulties lay in the severing of all communications between the said Jews and Christians and sending out all our domains, we are content with ordering the said Jews from all cities and villages and places of Andalusia where it appeared that they had done the most damage, believing that this would suffice so that those and other towns and villages and places in our reigns and holdings would cease to commit the above. And because we have been informed that neither this, nor is the case nor the justices made for some of the said Jews found very culpable in the said crimes and transgressions against our Holy Catholic faith have been a complete remedy to obviate and to correct these crimes and offenses. And the Christian faith and every day it appears that the Jews increase in continuing their evil and harmful purposes wherever they reside and converse, and because there is no place more offend our holy faith, and to which God has protected to the today and those who have been affected, the duty of the Holy Mother Church to mend and reduce the matter to its previous state due to the fragility of human beings could be that we can succumb to the diabolical temptation that continually fighting against us, so that, being the main cause calls Jews if they are not converted will be expelled from the Reino.Debido to that when a powerful detestable crime is committed by some members of any group is reasonable the group should be acquitted or destroyed and children are punished by higher each other and those that allow good and honest in the cities and villages and by their contact to harm others should be expelled from the group of people and despite minor reasons will be detrimental to the Republic and the most by the majority of their crimes would be dangerous and contagious so that the Council of eminent men and gentlemen of our reign and other people of conscience and knowledge of our supreme council and after a lot of deliberation it was agreed to issue to all Jews and Jewish must leave our kingdoms and is not ever allowed regresar.Nosotros further order in this edict that all Jews and Jewesses of whatever age that reside in our domain and territories that they leave with their sons and daughters, servants and small or large families of all ages the end of July this year and did not dare to return to our land and do not take a step to transfer the way if any Jew who does not accept this edict if anything is found in these domains or returns will be blamed death and confiscation of their bienes.Y have ordered that no person in our kingdom, regardless of social status including noble hide or keep or defend a Jew either publicly or secretly since late July and subsequent months at their homes or elsewhere in our region as punishment risk of losing all his manors and fortifications, privileges and property hereditarios.Hágase that Jews can get rid of their homes and belongings on time therefore we provide our commitment to the protection and security so that the end of July, they can sell and exchange their property and furniture and any other items and dispose of them freely at its option during this term one should do them any harm, hurt them or injustice to their persons or property which would be unwarranted and that violate this will incur in punishing those who violate our royal security. We give and give permission to the above mentioned Jews and Jewish to carry off our property and belongings regions by sea or by land except gold and silver or minted money or other items prohibited by the laws of how we order reinado.De all councilors, judges, knights, guards, officers, good men of the city of Burgos and other cities and villages of our kingdom and dominions, and all our vassals and subjects, to respect and comply with this letter and everything in it in it, and give the kind of assistance and support necessary for implementation, subject to punishment by our sovereign grace and by confiscation of all the assets and properties to our real home and this is notified to all and none intend to ignore it, we order that this edict be proclaimed in all the squares and meeting places of all cities and major towns and villages of the diocese , and is made by the herald in the presence of the notary public, and none or no one do the opposite of what has been defined, subject to the punishment of our sovereign grace and the cancellation of their offices and confiscation of their property to make contrario.Y the order that are evident and proven to the court with a signed testimony specifying the manner in which the decree was carried cabo.Dado in this city of Granada on Thirty-March 1 in the year of our lord Jesus Christ 1492. "

Signed I, the King, I the Queen, and John of the colonial secretary of the King and Queen who has written in order of their Majesties.

The Kings Ferdinand and Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon and Other dominions of the crown - to the prince Juan, to dukes, marquees , counts, the holy orders, priors, knight Commanders, lords of the castles, cavaliers, and to all Jews, men and Women of whatever age, and this letter to Anyone Else May Concern - health and grace That be unto them.It is well known that in our dominion, there are certain bad Christians that became 'Judaized' and committed apostasy against our Holy Catholic faith, much of it the cause of interactions between Jews and Christians. Therefore, in the year 1480, we ordered that the Jews be separated from the cities and towns in our domains and that they be given separate sectors, hoping that with such separation the situation would be remedied, and we ordered that the Inquisition be established in such domains; and at the end of twelve years it has worked and the Inquisition has found many guilty persons. Furthermore we are informed by the Inquisition and others of the great harm that persists to the Christians as they interact with the Jews, and in turn these Jews try by all manners to subvert our Holy Catholic faith and are trying to prevent faithful Christians to grow close to their beliefs.These Jews have instructed these Christians in the ceremonies and observances of their laws, circumcising their children, and giving them books with which to pray, and declaring unto them the days of fasting, and meeting with them to teach them the histories of their laws, notifying them when to expect the celebration of Passover and how to observe it, giving them the unleavened bread and ceremonially prepared meats, and instructing them in things from which they must abstain, both with regard to food items and other things requiring observance of the laws of Moses, making them fully understand that there is no other law or truth outside of this. And this is made clear based on the confessions from such Jews as well as those perverted by them that it has resulted in great damage and detriment of our Holy Catholic faith.And since we knew the true remedy of such damages and difficulties lay in the interfering of all communications between the said Jews and the Christians and sending them forth from all our dominions, we sought to content ourselves with ordering the said Jews from all the cities and villages and places of Andalusia where it appeared that they had done the most damage, and believing that this would suffice so that those and other cities and villages and places in our reigns and holdings would be effective and would cease to commit the aforesaid. And because we have been informed that neither this, neither is the case nor the justices done for some of the said Jews found very culpable in the said crimes and transgressions against our Holy Catholic faith have been a complete remedy to obviate and to correct such opprobrium and offense. And to the Christian faith and religion it appears every day that the said Jews increase in continuing their evil and harmful purposes wherever they reside and converse; and because there is no place left whereby to more offend our holy faith, as much as those which God has protected to this day as in those already affected, it is left for this Holy Mother Church to mend and reduce the matter to its previous state, due to the frailty of the human being, it could occur that we could succumb to the diabolical temptation that continually combats us, therefore, if this be the principal cause, the said Jews if not converted must be expelled from the kingdom.Because when a grave and detestable crime is committed by some members of a given group it is reasonable that the group be dissolved or annihilated, and the minors by the majors will be punished one by the other; and those who permit the good and honest in the cities and the villages, and by their contact may harm others, must be expelled from the group of peoples, and despite minor reasons, will be harmful to the Republic, and all the more so for the majority of these crimes, would be dangerous and contagious. Therefore, the Council of eminent men and cavaliers of our reign and of other persons of knowledge and conscience of our Supreme Council, and after much deliberation, it is agreed and resolved that all Jews and Jewesses be ordered to leave our kingdoms and that they not be allowed to ever return.We further order in this edict that all Jews and Jewesses of whatever age that reside in our domain and territories leave with their sons and daughters, servants and relatives large or small, of all ages, by the end of July of this year, and that they dare not return to our lands and that they do not take a step across, such that if any Jew who does not accept this edict is found in our kingdom and domains or returns will be sentenced to death and confiscation of all their belongings.We further order that no person in our kingdom, notwithstanding social status, including nobles, that hide or keep or defend any Jew or Jewess, be it publicly or secretly, from the end of July and following months, in their homes or elsewhere in our reign, risking as punishment loss of all their fiefs and fortresses, privileges and hereditary rights.
So be it that the Jews may dispose of their households and belongings in the given time period, for the present we provide our compromise of protection and security so that by the end of the month of July they may sell and exchange their belongings and furniture and any other item, and dispose of them freely per their assessment, that during said time no one is to do them harm or injury or injustice to their persons or to their goods, which would be unjustified, and those who would transgress this shall incur the punishment that befalls those who violate our royal security.We grant and give permission to the above mentioned Jews and Jewesses to take with them and out of our reigns their goods and belongings, by sea or by land, excepting gold and silver or minted money or any other item prohibited by the laws of the kingdom.Therefore, we order all councils, magistrates, cavaliers, shield-bearers, officials, good men of the city of Burgos and of other cities and villages of our kingdom and dominions, and all our vassals and subjects, that they observe and comply with this letter and all that is contained in it, and that they give all the type of help and favor necessary for its execution, subject to punishment by our sovereign grace and by confiscation of all their goods and offices for our royal house. And so that this may come to the notice of all, and that no one may pretend ignorance, we order that this edict be proclaimed in all the plazas and meeting places of all cities and in the major cities and villages of the diocese, that it be done by the town crier in the presence of the public scribe, and that no one nor anybody do the contrary of what has been defined, subject to the punishment by our sovereign grace and annulation of their offices and confiscation of their goods to whosoever does the contrary.And we order that it be evidenced and proven to the court with signed testimony specifying the manner in which the edict has been carried out.Given in this city of Granada the thirty first day of March in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ 1492.

Signed, I, the King, I the Queen, and Juan de Coloma, Secretary of the King and Queen who has written it by order of our Majesties.

Total emigrated:
165,000

Baptized:
50,000

Died en route:

20,000
________

Total in Spain in 1492:
235,000

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Rabbi Abraham from Cagliari in the Jewish Encyclopedia

http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=13&letter=C&search=cagliari

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The jews of Sardinia in the Jewish Encyclopedia

http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=251&letter=S&search=sardinia

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Espacio Sefarad

www.legadosefardi.net / Documents / History% 20Judios.pdf

Sephardic Diaspora in Italy following the expulsion of Spain in 1492 of Jews
Felisa Bermejo, www.artifara.com/rivista1/testi/Bermejo.asp

HISTORIA Sephardim:

www.sefarad.rediris.es

LADIN THE PAGE:

http://inicia.es/de/ladino

EUROPEAN INSTITUTE Sefarad

www.sefarad.org/institut.php?safa=es

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Discovering Jewish Cagliari

For several years the City of Cagliari, is taking steps to intervention architectural renovation of some buildings in the center in the district which is called "The Castle". Two of these interventions might have gone unnoticed Italian Judaism, are the restoration of the church of S. Maria del Monte and a group of houses known as "The Jews of the ghetto." Both monuments are thought to be related to the events of the Jews in the fourteenth century Sardinian. The strong Jewish presence in Cagliari the fourteenth century is to mean, in one way or another, that Jews were able to settle in the city. They must therefore be one or more Aljamas (synagogues), some yeshivot and probably also had to be a Shochet. Here is how Spano shows chapters and made the order written in Catalan by King Ferdinand by D., Ignacio Lopez viceroy of Sardinia (1487), with assistance and approval of the Archbishop of Cagliari: The requirements were reduced to essentially Jews can not live in another part of town, or of Appendices, except in the district who had already separated in the Castle, under penalty of losing money and the house they purchase; to have to live forever separate by Christians, to always having to wear a yellow ribbon in the cap, unless they were traveling, they need to have a butcher counter in the public and separate meat provided for them by the Rabbinate, under penalty of one hundred pounds, to have to make more at its own expense, a butcher in a separate corner under the wall, to be able to choose the Rabbi livestock commission to the slaughterhouse, never died, and the head alive a time chosen not surrendered, under penalty of one hundred pounds, and that no Cristiano could buy meat from the butcher's table, or separate the Jews, under penalty of ten pounds. In the work of rehabilitation of the agglomeration of houses in the ghetto, we had to make an initial removal of garbage that is of debris on the ground, who presented himself as a military Piedmont of the eighteenth century. Teams of workers has become clear that in different parts of the plan felt the emptiness under our feet. The digging revealed the existence of three architectural layers in the subsoil, including: a layer of Pisa, one English and one layer the current layer (Piedmont). The three layers are not well marked but point to their use faded over time. The first layer is represented by the ramparts of Pisa. The style of stone masonry is quite similar to other monuments of that era. Leaning on these and at a slight angle, there is a series of arches made of bricks with a clear east-west orientation. Yes sees clearly the setting sun lights up the arches. Approximate center of the arches was found a square of about five feet from the side, an additional storey to the ground, stones, and consolidated content from chestnut poles now rotten. The entire room was completely flooded with debris. The walls in some places are carved stylized palm branches, horizontal. The second layer extends along a direction parallel to the ramparts Pisa and is detectable by the English walls. From a doorway to access two branch tunnels: the first was excavated and appeared filled with garbage, debris and the presence of bones of animals. The excavation was stopped before it reached light off the walls. The second is still intact. A third biggest step, which is also intact, probably leading to the church of S. Maria del Monte. The layer is represented by the current military installations, now almost completely restored. During the restoration of the floors showed an inclined plane and a step that has not yet been fully brought to light, it is assumed to lead to the layer below. Spano reports the presence of a synagogue in the vicinity of the allocated Church of St. Cross. The brick arches may belong to the first synagogue, built by the combination of stone walls, while the land was converted into a plinth raising for Bima, is know that this furnishing an important place and should find themselves elevated above the floor and centrally located. The old synagogue may have been conserved during the English, to be used by Sephardic Jews, who prefer places of worship lower than the surrounding houses as evidenced Old Yishuv Court Museum in Jerusalem. The two tunnels instead of English era, may have been "multifunctional" means to access outside the walls and the burying of manuscripts. The link between the present Church of S. Maria del Monte and the adjacent Church of St. Cross, could mean that this was the last time used in the synagogue or at least one of the last. In this case it is its hard to imagine a rectangular containing Bima while its dome in the center could serve to illuminate the bim. On the western side of the church of S. Maria del Monte, there are signs of thickening of intonacat ure, not being a static function, which could indicate the place of shechita. The ritual slaughter and sale of meat would then be made in two separate points of the ghetto in accordance with halacha.

(Thanks for the 'Friends of article http://www.jewishlife.it/cag.htm ).

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The Immortality

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The Jewish Fordongianus (Sardinia)

In Sardinia, the memory of the chosen people is contained in a book along anni.Ma two thousand pages in this fascinating story many Jews appear to have remained cancellate.Che Long Island is not a mistero.Così as it is not a mystery that had the main settlements in porti.E 'rather less well known that one of their strongest bases were located Fordingbridge, the last outpost on the plains before Barbagia. Here in the heart of Sardinia, the descendants of David have worked for centuries and professioni.E businesses right here, from the church of San Pietro, where they were found some of the most significant traces of Jewish presence Oristano, he can start a interesting way: in search of lost time to a community, perhaps only apparently disappeared from the island. In the background, Fordingbridge, known since antiquity for its spa. A country which, through alternative ways, think of a new development. Giving birth to other stimuli and enhancing the cultural past in every aspetto.La Tirso valley has been inhabited since Neolithic times. In the area are represented by the most ancient necropolis and Domigheddu gularis. There are also many nuraghi and houses. From that remote period the village is beginning to be relevant. But why do they fully understand the importance of its strategic location it was not until the Romans: Rome transformed the village into a town able to defend themselves against attacks by barbaricini opposed to the complete conquest of the island. From Aquae Hypsitane, Fordingbridge is thus renamed Trajan Forum, in honor of the emperor. And its waters are beginning to be exploited for these purposes termali.In centuries arrive in Sardinia the first sons of Israel. Many will soon reach the interior of the island. Not only Tharros and Oristano. Even the current centers of Samugheo, where Planu de laccos is a Jewish underground in the rock, and Marriottsville, in the immediate vicinity of the archaeological excavations have revealed votive lamps clearly Jewish. In a short time, they arrive at Fordingbridge several other families belonging to the people forced to leave the student Palestina.Scrive Pier Giorgio Spanu in the catalog of recent exhibits signs of this presence on the island: "Trajan's Forum in the southern suburbs revealed West, then seat of the church of San Pietro, a Jewish cemetery with graves that body, when discovered, returned lamps representing the seven-branched candelabrum and iconographic themes of the Old Testament. "Manufactures presumably by craftsmen who worked in North Africa between the late fourth and early fifth secolo.Non is the only trace left in these lands by the children of Israel. He says the archaeologist Raimondo Zucca, a university professor and director of Sassari Antiquarium Arborea: "At that time the different ancient peoples lived together peacefully. The same policy which had previously led anti-Jewish forced all'arruolamento the Israelites in Sardinia, does not belong to the traditional imperial strategy: to be considered a quite sensational, exceptional. "hypothesis is therefore that, after the return of the legion sent to Rome to Sardinia, more Jews have arrived in the island, probably from Cyrenaica. should have been their own, rather than the military establishment, to have settled down in the valley of Tirso.Non all, however, is transparent. Despite the efforts of many scholars, first of all Cecilia Tasca, in many cases lacking news safe. And so on so many chapters of Jewish life Sardinian uncertainty continues to reign. Zucca still reveals: "Among the other lamps with the menorah, or candelebri with seven branches in Barigadu it was found a very special featured the sacrifice of Isaac. Unfortunately, it is lost. But attests, along with many other archaeological remains, the spread of Jewish culture in this area. "Adds the young parish priest of San Pietro, Don Giuseppe Pani," I'm also Lussorio St., on the outskirts of the village. Well, I have no proof, but, like other priests more experienced than me on the Jewish religion, I got the feeling that some of the mosaics of this church have been made by an Israelite. This could be an artist who converted to Catholicism, since the Torah prohibits the images. But the difference with all other works kept in San Lussorio leaps to the eye: these figures are linear blocks, schematic, completely original. It's not over. There is also a source that refers to the fountain of living water, the mikveh, which is typical of Judaism. "But there's more. If the English rule the presence of the descendants of Abraham consolidates and spreads even further Central Sardinia, in the valley of the Tirso remain the most visible traces of this passage. Certificate of some surnames. As Tola Atzeni and Atzei, Loddo, Salis, Sanna, Uda. All considered by experts of Jewish derivation. Heritage and testimony of another injustice suffered by the people elected at the end of the fifteenth century, when the sons of Jerusalem were forced to choose whether to leave all the territories of the King of Spain or convert to Christianity, many of those who remain on the island had abjured even change its name.

is not impossible that so many families in Barigadu, are of Jewish origin, and not even know it. E 'in short, the case of a community that, without ceasing to exist, it is integrated with another. Until losing the distinctive features of his religious identity and culturale.Di these days, moreover, in Fordingbridge residents are organizing to better exploit the country. They will find it the most appropriate way to emphasize this aspect also less well known for their ancient history. Much progress has already been made. Others are planned in the near future.

(La Nuova Sardegna March 3, 2004, by Pier Giorgio Pinna) Para Llegar a Fordongianus:

(from www.comunefordongianus.it / dove_siamo.htm )

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BOOKS

G. Spano: History of the Jews in Sardinia, rciv typ., 1864.

Gian Pietro Zarra: Sardinian family of Jewish origin (Family names from Sardinia with Jewish origin), ArtigianArt Editrice, Cagliari 1994.

M. Perani: The Jews in Sardinia until sec. VI: historical and archaeological evidence, in "The monthly review of Israel", 57 (1991).

M. Perani: History of the Jews during the Aragonese domination in Sardinia, in "Italy" (1985).

C. Colafemmina: Archaeology and Jewish epigraphy in southern Italy, "Italy Judaica" I, Proceedings of the First International Conference, Bari 18 to 22 May 1981, Rome 1983

A. Taramelli: Ipogeo with Jewish burial from the necropolis sulcitana, S. Antioco, Cagliari

Cecilia Pocket: The Jewish community in Alghero between 300 and 400, in "Revista de L'Alguer, 1990.

Cecilia Pocket: The Jews in Sardinia in the fourteenth century: society, culture, institutions, Roma 1992 (Deputation of National History in Sardinia).

Cecilia Pocket: The Jewish communities in medieval Sardinia: first results of a search in the history of Jews in medieval Italy: between philology and methodology, Bologna in 1990 and I Coloqui of Histoira dels Jueus a la Corona d'Arago, Lleida 1991.

Cecilia Tasca: the Jewish presence in Sardinia in the fourteenth century, in Proceedings of the XIV Congress of the Crown of Aragon (in press).

Cecilia Pocket: The Jewish presence in Sardinia of 700, in "Archivio Storico Sardo, 38 (in press).

Cecilia Pocket: The Jews in Orissa at the time of Eleanor, in Proceedings, Society and Culture in the court of Arborea and the Charter Logu (in press).

Cecilia Pocket: The Jews of Aragon in Sardinia in the fourteenth century, Proceedings of the XV Congress of the Crown of Aragon (in press).

Cecilia Pocket: The nature of Jewish settlements in low-medieval Sardinia, in Proceedings of International Symposium: Jews in Asia and Africa (in press).

Michele Luzzati: A doctor jew Tuscany in the fifteenth century full of Sardinia Sardinia, the Mediterranean and Atlantic from the Middle Ages and the modern age.

Michele Luzzati: Images from a lost past. Signs of the Jewish presence in Sardinia Autonomous Region of Sardinia, 1996.

Giancarlo Sorgia: A Jewish family in Sardinia: Carcassonne, in Sardinian Studies, Vol XVII, Sassari 1961.

Apellidos en Judios Italy
www.apellidositalianos.com.ar / apellidos_judios_italianos.htm

Base de datos sobre Judia Genealogy:
www.jewishgen.org

Sardi names of Jewish origin:
www.linguasarda.com

Jews in Italy:
www.haruth.com / EbreiDiItalia.html

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Thiesi Jewish (Sardinia) Oristano

THIES, Sardinia village founded by the Jews deported by the Romans?

www.thiesionline.it / The% 20storia.htm

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Jewish (Sardinia) Alghero

Old Synagogue of Oristano (Sardinia)

Photo: Palazzo Piarist (from www.comune.oristano.it )

TODAY: Palazzo Piarist

YESTERDAY Synagogue Oristano

Built as a synagogue, because of the presence of a large colony of Jews in Oristano, passed in 1676 in the hands of Scolopi, who founded the holy city schools.
( www.comune.oristano.it )

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Maracalagonis Jewish (Sardinia) Alghero

Prime examples date back to the Punic period Maracalagonis In fact it seems that the factors "Mara" and "Calagonis" terms derived from the Semitic "Hamar" and "Chalaça" meaning "swamp" and "fertile place" and get along with geomorphic aspects of the strip of land that is including the city. But the one just cited is not the only theory on the birth of the country. The current name, in fact, derives from the union of two ancient cities exist in the area such as that of Mara and Calagone to two separate villages and Calagone existed before Mara, according to historian Father Salvatore Vidal, it is derived from two items Hamar Chalaça and, in another study done at the University of Cagliari Kalagonis seems to be called "Talagonis (RDI SARD. XIII century), other theories, however, give rise to the ruins of the Mara Tidore or Tiziora founded by Families Jews who settle in, gave this place the name of Mara, in memory of the Palestinian desert area "Sur" where Moses after crossing the Red Sea where Pharaoh's army was decimated, made drinking the bitter waters luogo.Kalagonis was a center of densely populated, it seems that in the period reached its peak to 80,000 inhabitants and is extended until location "Figu Niedda, or Village of Mimosa. Testimonials and discoveries made around the country seem to confirm this hypothesis. Many scholars argue that Kalagonis was destroyed twice and after the first destruction, he was resettled to the 19 AD when the Roman emperor Tiberius sent 4,000 young people in Sardinia between Jews and Egyptians, who settled between Sinnai and Kalagonis. Sardinia, we know has always been a land of exile. Under the domination Roman Island (from 214 BC) in Pran'e Sili (Exile), 6 Km from Mara, had been created a collection of Roman slaves deported, including the Jews are mentioned. Many Jews, however, decided to move from Kalagonis and repair to the nearby Sinnai because there was a mountain similar to theirs. Not all chose to emigrate. In fact the Egyptians were a Jew and a few Kalagonis together in this way, the village of Mara on the ruins of Tidore or Tiziora.

(from www.comune.maracalagonis.ca.it/ )

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Jewish (Sardinia)

PHOTOS:

The sea seen from the Tower of the Jews (Alghero)

BARCELONA-Alghero, los mismos Judios

www.calldebarcelona.org

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Jewish (Sardinia)

"It also promoted the establishment of a Jewish colony Catalani dalleimposizioni exempting customs for trade. They were merchants, craftsmen, doctors, got some high office and became very rich. They settled in the cities of Cagliari, Sassari, Alghero and Oristano a neighborhood where they had reserved for them called giuderia.
In the first half of the fifteenth century, when Cagliari comprised about 10,000 inhabitants, the giuderia reached about 1,000 units, 800 in Alghero, Sassari 300, much less where they lived in Oristano the road as you know wrinkle sos de Judeos. Catalan help finance the shipment and the wars for the conquest of Sardinia, they Treasury loans, financed the construction of defensive works such as the Tower of Jews to Alghero.Gli Jews remained in Sardinia until 1492, when they were expelled from all English territories. Some to remain, converted to Christianity and different, then buy yourself how they obtained the nobility, the Bonfill, the Carcassonne, the latter of which reached high positions ecclesiastiche.Rimangono still a few names of Jewish origin, who suffered transformations, as Nathan (now Naitana) Manahem (Mana), Farsìs (FARC).
(from www.geneacademie.org )

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Piracy Jewish synagogue in the Mediterranean

In the sixth century the chronicles tell of pirate ships with crews of Jews who roamed along the northern shores of Africa, attacking, along with Muslim, Christian ships. These pirates, however, was scrupulous observant of the Sabbath, and used gentle manner with the prisoners. Bishop Synesius pirates captured by the Jews, said that at dusk on Friday any activity ceased; even with the raging storm, the sailors refused to come to the pool at the risk of sinking the ship (the danger that was foiled, it seems, with God's help). So pirates, indeed Jewish pirates, a little known subject. He spoke about the Israeli writer and historian Rafael Patai in 1938 with a book about all the adventures of pirates Jews, entitled La Vida Maritime Jews, and he also mentioned in the history of the English pirate Henry Morgan, a history Jamaica has become well known in the its history. It was not however a completely new topic. Already in Roman times Josephus had devoted a chapter of Jewish War Jewish piracy, you described the pirates Jews against the Roman ships and emphasized the widespread admiration for these pirates in the Jewish, not so much regarded as criminal sailors who attacked and fought against oppression enemy of the Roman Empire. They were heroes then. The same Roman general Titus, son and grandson of Emperor Vespasian, attaches great importance to the naval battle against these Jews sui generis. During the Roman Empire, then, piracy Jewish, if he could contribute to the freedom of the Jewish people, was justified and lacked esaltata.Non pirates Jews in the Middle Ages. Maimonides's brother, David Ben Maimon, often traveled to India, where seas piracy was well known. In fact, Maimonides wrote his brother a letter, warning of the presence of pirate ships with Jews and Muslims united to fight against Christians. The chronicles tell that most of the pirates Jews were perfect knights: respected the honor of women, not killing civilians, not robbing the poor (but rich!) and followed the so-called code of honor of the pirate. How would the Catalan singer Joan Manuel Serrat, so were a little bestias But buena gente.Erano pirates and of course they stole. It would be interesting to hear the rabbinic opinion on the subject, because it is still in violation of the Eighth Commandment. But how about "theft" in the case in which a great empire takes possession of all assets of a people? How does the battle to reclaim? In fact, there were pirates and pirates, some fought for the conquest of freedom and to recover their property, other "criminals" using instead the lust for plunder only to jump ricchezza.Un storm moves to the sixteenth century, who lived in a notorious pirate jew, Simon Fernandez, who escaped the Inquisition and the master of English Sir Walter Ralley. The Spaniards described Fernandez as one of the most bloodthirsty pirates, fierce, a traitor who attacked English ships in the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Antilles without mercy, on the contrary, the British spoke of him as a hero, a great explorer and above all as the best person for fight against the English, for his deep knowledge of Spain and the anger and the pain of being expelled. The end of the seventeenth century was the golden age of piracy around the island of Jamaica. The English empire was coming to its final decline, the English attacked the English sailors from all directions and were increasing numbers of Marranos who fled the New World. Many Jews were forced to choose routes piracy to escape because they could not be recognized as Jews in countries dominated by Spain or Portugal. The jew, therefore, assumed the status of Jews reached pirata.Numerosi Jamaica when it came under the British. The English pirate Henry Morgan proved to be a great friend of the Jews. It welcomed the fact that many of his followers fled from Portugal as well as many blacks. Transformed the island into a free zone, promoted the construction of synagogues, Jewish schools as well as residences for slaves rescued, and finally, even after his death, the fortress Morgan gave refuge to Jews during an earthquake, in 1692, devastated the island. Since then, without interruption, there is a Jewish group in Jamaica that are just the descendants of those pirates? The English pirate Henry Morgan in his crew welcomed Jews fleeing the Iberian Peninsula after the great expulsion.

(Trad. free from Voghera Silvia Op-Ed Columnist: Jews, Israel and America)

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Antigua de Cagliari (Cerdeña)

Today: CHIESA DI SANTA CROCE

Yesterday: SYNAGOGUE OF CAGLIARI (until 1492)

PHOTO:

This was the first synagogue closed in Cagliari when they started the expulsion of Jews from all states of the Crown of Spain in 1492, with Sardinia at the time owned by the Crown of Spain.

MAP Jewish Quarter, CAGLIARI

www.activsardegna.com/infobase/it/show/29